The Ultimate Guide to Growing and Caring for Chrysanthemums

Chrysanthemums, also known as mums or chrysanths, are a popular and versatile flower that can be grown in gardens, pots, and even in hanging baskets. They come in a wide variety of colors and shapes, making them a great addition to any garden. In this guide, we will go over everything you need to know about growing and caring for chrysanthemums, including how to plant, care for, and propagate them.

Introduction to Chrysanthemums

Chrysanthemums, also known as "mums" or "chrysanths," are perennial flowering plants in the daisy family. They are native to Asia and northeastern Europe and come in a wide variety of colors including white, yellow, pink, red, and purple. Chrysanthemums are often used in gardens and as cut flowers, and are also a symbol of autumn and the 13th wedding anniversary in some cultures. They can be planted in the spring or fall and will typically bloom in the late summer or early fall. They typically need well-drained soil, full sun, and regular watering and fertilization.

Choosing the Right Chrysanthemum Variety

When choosing a chrysanthemum variety, there are several factors to consider:

1. Bloom time: Chrysanthemums come in a wide range of bloom times, from early to late fall. Consider when you want your chrysanthemums to bloom and choose a variety that blooms at that time.

2. Flower shape: Chrysanthemums come in many different flower shapes, including daisy-like, pompom, spider, and spoon. Consider the overall look you are trying to achieve in your garden or landscape.

3. Color: Chrysanthemums come in a wide range of colors, including white, yellow, pink, red, and purple. Choose a color that complements the rest of your garden or landscape.

4. Size: Chrysanthemums come in a wide range of sizes, from dwarf varieties to large bush varieties. Consider the size of your garden or landscape and choose a variety that will fit well.

5. Hardyness: Chrysanthemums are hardy in USDA zones 5-9.

6. Growing habits: Some chrysanthemums are upright and bush-like, while others are more spreading and ground-covering. Consider the growing habits of the variety you choose, and make sure it will fit well into your garden or landscape.

It's also good to check with your local nursery or gardening center for advice on which varieties are best suited for your climate and growing conditions.

Planting and Location

When planting chrysanthemums, it's important to choose the right location and conditions to ensure they thrive.

1. Site selection: Chrysanthemums prefer full sun and well-drained soil. They can tolerate partial shade but may not bloom as heavily. If you live in a hot and dry area, it is better to avoid planting in the afternoon sun.

2. Soil: Chrysanthemums prefer well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. If your soil is heavy clay or sandy, you may need to amend it with organic matter before planting.

3. Planting time: Chrysanthemums can be planted in the spring or fall. Spring planting is best for garden centers and nurseries, but fall planting is best for gardeners who want to have blooming plants the same year.

4. Spacing: Space chrysanthemums about 18-24 inches apart to allow for good air circulation and prevent disease.

5. Watering: Water chrysanthemums well after planting, and then keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.

6. Feeding: Chrysanthemums benefit from regular fertilization during the growing season. Use a balanced, slow-release fertilizer or a liquid fertilizer.

It's also good to keep in mind to protect them from frost by mulching or covering with a frost blanket.

Soil and Watering Requirements

Chrysanthemums have specific soil and watering requirements to ensure they thrive.

1. Soil: Chrysanthemums prefer well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. If your soil is heavy clay or sandy, you may need to amend it with organic matter before planting. Organic matter such as compost or well-rotted manure can help improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability.

2. Watering: Chrysanthemums need consistent moisture throughout the growing season. Water them well after planting, and then keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. It's important to avoid over watering as well as chrysanthemums are sensitive to root rot.

3. Mulching: Mulching around the base of the plant can help retain moisture in the soil and keep the roots cool.

4. Drip irrigation : Drip irrigation is a good way to deliver water directly to the roots of the plant and prevent water loss due to evaporation and runoff.

5. Rainwater: Chrysanthemums prefer rainwater, if possible, as they are sensitive to chlorine and other chemicals in tap water.

6. Watering schedule: Water your chrysanthemums once or twice a week, depending on the weather conditions. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged.

It's important to monitor the soil moisture and adjust watering accordingly, as chrysanthemums are sensitive to both over- and under-watering. The best way to check soil moisture is by sticking your finger 2-3 inches into the soil. If it feels dry, it's time to water.

Sunlight and Temperature Needs

Chrysanthemums have specific sunlight and temperature requirements to ensure they thrive.

1. Sunlight: Chrysanthemums prefer full sun and can tolerate partial shade but may not bloom as heavily. They need at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day to produce flowers. In hot and dry areas, it is better to avoid planting in the afternoon sun.

2. Temperature: Chrysanthemums are hardy in USDA zones 5-9, and can tolerate temperatures between 20-80°F (-6-27°C). They prefer cooler temperatures during the growing season and can tolerate frost in the fall.

3. Protection from frost: Chrysanthemums are sensitive to frost, so it's important to protect them by mulching or covering with a frost blanket.

4. Heat stress: Chrysanthemums can suffer from heat stress in temperatures over 90°F (32°C). To prevent heat stress, provide partial shade during the hottest part of the day and keep the soil consistently moist.

5. Air circulation: Good air circulation is important to prevent disease. Avoid planting chrysanthemums too close together, and make sure they are not shaded by other plants.

It's important to monitor the temperature and adjust the location or protection accordingly, as chrysanthemums are sensitive to both low and high temperatures.

Pruning and Training

Pruning and training are important for maintaining the health and shape of chrysanthemums.

1. Pruning: Prune chrysanthemums to encourage bushiness and to remove dead or diseased growth. In spring, cut back the previous year's growth to about 6 inches. This will encourage new growth and more blooms. After blooming, you can also prune the stems to promote bushier growth and prevent legginess.

2. Pinching: Pinching back the tips of the stems encourages branching, resulting in more blooms. Pinch back the tips of the new growth when the plant is about 6 inches tall. Repeat every 4-5 weeks until mid-summer.

3. Training: Training chrysanthemums to grow in a certain shape is done by staking or tying the plants. This will help to keep them upright and prevent them from falling over under the weight of the blooms.

4. Deadheading: Deadheading is the process of removing spent blooms. This will encourage the plant to produce more blooms and also prevent it from going to seed.

5. Disbudding: disbudding is the process of removing buds that are not as desirable, usually done in the early stages of growth, it will encourage larger, more showy blooms.

It's important to follow a regular pruning schedule to maintain the health and shape of the chrysanthemums. It's also important to use clean, sharp pruning tools to prevent damage to the plant and the spread of disease.

Propagation and Transplanting

Chrysanthemums can be propagated and transplanted in a few different ways:

1. Cuttings: Chrysanthemums can be propagated by taking stem cuttings in the spring or early summer. Take cuttings from healthy, non-flowering stems and remove the leaves from the bottom third of the cutting. Dip the cuttings in rooting hormone and plant them in a well-draining rooting medium. Keep the cuttings in a warm, humid area with indirect light until they root.

2. Division: Chrysanthemums can also be propagated by division. In early spring, dig up the clumps of chrysanthemums and divide them into smaller sections. Each section should have at least one eye (a small bud) and some roots. Replant the divisions in a well-draining soil, and water well.

3. Transplanting: When transplanting chrysanthemums, it's best to do it in the spring or fall, when the plant is dormant. Dig up the entire plant and shake off as much soil as possible. Transplant it to a new location with well-draining soil, and water well.

4. Layering: Chrysanthemums can also be propagated by layering. This is done by bending a stem down to the ground and covering it with soil, leaving a few leaves exposed. Roots will form where the stem touches the ground. Once the roots have formed, the stem can be cut from the parent plant and transplanted to a new location.

It's important to note that, chrysanthemums are sensitive to transplant shock, so it's best to keep them well-watered and in a shaded area for a few weeks after transplanting to help them adjust to their new location.

Pest and Disease Prevention

Chrysanthemums can be affected by a variety of pests and diseases. To prevent or control them, it's important to practice good gardening techniques, such as proper watering, fertilization, and sanitation.

1. Pests: Common pests that can affect chrysanthemums include aphids, spider mites, and whiteflies. These pests can be controlled with insecticidal soap or neem oil.

2. Disease: Common diseases that can affect chrysanthemums include powdery mildew, downy mildew, and leaf spot. These diseases can be controlled by providing good air circulation and proper watering techniques, as well as using a fungicide.

3. Prevention: To prevent pests and diseases, it's important to provide good air circulation, proper watering techniques, and good sanitation practices. This includes removing dead or diseased leaves, avoiding overcrowding, and practicing crop rotation.

4. Monitoring: Regularly monitoring your plants for signs of pests or diseases, such as discolored leaves, wilting, or unusual growth patterns, can help you catch problems early and take action before they become severe.

5. Chemical Control: Chemical control should be considered as a last resort, and it should be done in accordance with the label instructions.

It's important to keep in mind that, using a combination of cultural and natural controls is the best approach for preventing and controlling pests and diseases.

Fertilizing and Feeding

Fertilizing and feeding are important for maintaining healthy chrysanthemums and promoting blooming.

1. Fertilizer: Chrysanthemums benefit from regular fertilization during the growing season. Use a balanced, slow-release fertilizer or a liquid fertilizer. Follow the instructions on the fertilizer package for the appropriate amount to use.

2. Organic fertilizer: Organic fertilizers such as compost, well-rotted manure, or bone meal are also good options for chrysanthemums. They provide a slow release of nutrients and can also improve the soil structure.

3. Feeding schedule: Feed your chrysanthemums every 4-6 weeks during the growing season, starting when new growth appears in the spring and continuing until mid-summer.

4. Micronutrients: Chrysanthemums also benefit from micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and manganese, which can be applied as foliar sprays or soil drenches.

5. Watering after feeding: Water well after feeding to help the nutrients reach the roots and prevent fertilizer burn.

6. Deadheading: Deadheading is the process of removing spent blooms. This will encourage the plant to produce more blooms and also prevent it from going to seed.

It's important to follow a regular fertilizing and feeding schedule to maintain the health and promote blooming of the chrysanthemums. It's also important to use the appropriate amount of fertilizer and to monitor the plants for signs of over-fertilization, such as yellowing leaves or stunted growth.

Harvesting and Using Chrysanthemums

Chrysanthemums can be harvested and used in a variety of ways.

1. Harvesting: Chrysanthemums can be harvested when the blooms are fully open and the petals are just starting to curl at the edges. Cut the stems with a sharp, clean pair of scissors or pruners, leaving at least 2 inches of stem.

2. Vase life: Chrysanthemums have a relatively long vase life and can last for up to two weeks in a vase with fresh water and a floral preservative.

3. Drying: Chrysanthemums can also be dried for use in dried floral arrangements. To dry chrysanthemums, cut the stems when the blooms are fully open and hang them upside down in a warm, dry place until the petals are completely dry.

4. Cooking: Chrysanthemum petals can also be used in cooking, as a garnish for drinks or added to salads for a unique flavor.

5. Medicinal use: In traditional Chinese medicine, chrysanthemum tea is commonly consumed to reduce fever, lower blood pressure and improve eyesight.

6. Composting: Chrysanthemums can also be composted, the petals and leaves are high in nitrogen and can provide a boost to your compost pile.

It's important to note that, before consuming or using chrysanthemums in any way, make sure they were not treated with any chemicals or pesticides.

Common Problems and Solutions

Chrysanthemums can be affected by a variety of problems, but many can be prevented or controlled with proper care.

1. Leggy growth: Leggy growth is caused by lack of sunlight and can be prevented by providing at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day. To correct leggy growth, pinch back the tips of the stems to encourage bushiness.

2. Lack of blooms: Lack of blooms can be caused by over-fertilization, lack of sunlight, or over-watering. To correct this problem, reduce fertilization, provide full sun and make sure the soil is well-drained.

3. Powdery mildew: Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that can be caused by high humidity and poor air circulation. To prevent powdery mildew, provide good air circulation, avoid overcrowding, and keep the leaves dry.

4. Aphids: Aphids are small, sap-sucking insects that can cause damage to leaves and stems. To control aphids, use insecticidal soap or neem oil.

5. Root rot: Root rot is caused by over-watering or poorly-drained soil. To prevent root rot, make sure the soil is well-drained and avoid over-watering.

6. Pests and Diseases: Regular monitoring of your plants for signs of pests or diseases can help you catch problems early and take action before they become severe.

It's important to keep in mind that, prevention is key when it comes to common problems, by providing the right conditions, monitoring your plants regularly and taking action when necessary.

Conclusion and Further Resources.

Chrysanthemums are a popular and versatile perennial flowering plant that can add color and beauty to any garden or landscape. They have specific needs for soil, water, sunlight, and temperature, and require regular care such as fertilizing, pruning, and pest control to thrive. By following the proper planting, care and maintenance techniques, chrysanthemums can be enjoyed for years to come.

If you want to learn more about chrysanthemums and their care, there are many resources available online and in gardening books. Your local nursery or gardening center can also be a great resource for information on specific varieties and growing tips for your area.